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| Discoveries will be driven by inspiration for new designs. The new designs will require the development of methods to manufacture them and to measure their dynamics. In this way, it will be possible to identify, characterize and control the emergent phenomena that will lead to new functionality in artificial spin ice. |
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| Illustration of the ECT driven DW motion in SF (a) and SAF (b) wires in the presence of spin Hall torque and DMI field. |
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| a, Left: Schematic of atoms on a surface coupled antiferromagnetically with exchange energy J. Surface-induced magnetic anisotropy fields cause the spins of the atoms to align parallel to the easy magnetic axis D. A spin-polarized scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) tip reads and writes the magnetic state of the structure. Right: Spin-polarized STM images of a linear chain of eight Fe atoms. Spins are in the Néel state 0 (top) or 1 (bottom). b, Left: Optical microscopy image of the solid-state memory device fabricated from a CuMnAs antiferromagnet and schematic of the electrical writing and readout geometry. Right: Change in the transverse resistance, R⊥, after applying three successive 50 ms writing pulses of amplitude Jwrite = 4 × 106 A cm−2 alternately along the [100] crystal direction of CuMnAs (black arrow in left panel and black points in right panel) and the [010] axis (red arrow in left panel and red points in right panel). |
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| Schematics of (a) a vortexlike (Bloch) and (b) a hedgehoglike (Néel) magnetic skyrmion structure. The vortexlike skyrmions are typical for skyrmions generated by bulk (c) chiral Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions, such as in B20 compounds, while the hedgehoglike skyrmions are generally stabilized from interfacial (d) chiral Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions. |
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| The preparation, formatting, and applications of colloidal nanoparticle solids have burgeoned tremendously over the last thirty years due to the remarkable crossover of ideas from many materials science fields. Here, general information on the preparation of colloidal nanocrystalline solids via thin-film formation and various printing techniques is presented. In addition, their integration into a number of advanced electronic applications is discussed. |
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| a) Motion of colloids in a chain in an LD simulation; b) effective ellipsoid representing a chain of s colloids, which has anisotropic diffusion with different coefficients in the parallel and perpendicular directions. c) Map of magnetic potential energy of interaction between an imaginary colloid and a chain of five particles, all magnetized in the z-direction. The calculation corresponds to Γ = 40 and the magnetic energy is measured in units of kBT. The dashed line indicates the regions at which the magnetic energy is equal (in absolute value) to the thermal energy. d) Coarse grain representation of the chain in panel (c) as employed in MagChain simulations in which the attractive region inside the dashed lines in panel (c) is replaced by a spherical region. |
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| Capping-layer structure. |
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| Scheme summarizing common parameters, including, size and shape [surfaces] anisotropies, as well as exchange [interfaces] and dipolar [particle clustering] interactions. Each one of them alone or in synergy with one another may act in favor of enhanced magnetic properties (MS, HC) for surface-stabilized nanoscale structures. Nanoclusters may provide a modular carrier engineered to combine all such parameters for the benefit of their emerging application-specific tasks, for example, such as those required for contrast generation (r2) in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and heat dissipation (SLP) in magnetic hyperthermia. |
| Eigenvalues (a) λ(1/2,0,1/2) for AFM wave vector k = (1/2,0,1/2) r.l.u. and (b) λ(1/2,1/2,1/2) for AFM wave vector k = (1/2,1/2,1/2) r.l.u. versus the c/a ratio for a simple tetragonal lattice with the moments aligned along [010] (b axis, solid red circles), [001] (c axis, solid green diamonds), and [100] (a axis, solid blue squares). |
